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4th Goblet Of goblet of
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4th Goblet Of goblet of Information
Late Adulthood (age 60 – 80)
During this closing period in the life
span of human beings, people tend to "move away" from previous more desirable
periods often known as "usefulness".
Age sixty is usually considered the
dividing line between middle and old age. It is the time where you are
considered an "elderly"- meaning somewhat old or advanced beyond middle age.
Period of decline – comes partly from physical and partly
psychological factors. The physical cause of decline is a change in the body
cells due to the effects of the aging process. The psychological cause of
decline has something to do with unfavorable attitudes towards oneself, other
people, work and life in general.
Senility – ("senile") a more or less
complete physical breakdown takes place and when there is mental
disorganization. The individual becomes eccentric, careless, absentminded,
socially withdrawn, and poorly adjusted.
Social Attitudes toward the Old
Age – due to the unfavorable social attitudes toward the elderly, treatment
towards them in America, unlike other cultures, result in making them feel no
longer useful, unwanted and more of a nuisance than an asset. People who come
from countries where respect for the elderly is customary usually treat elder
people with more consideration and respect.
Old People as "second class
citizens" – a status that excludes them to some extent from interaction with
other groups in the population and which gives them little to no power in
society. (Again a result from unfavorable social attitudes).
Changes in
Roles – from an active life having purpose and roles, even sometimes multiple
roles, it is expected that old people will play a decreasingly less active role
in social and community affairs as well as in the business and professional
worlds. Because of the reduction in the number of roles the elderly person is
able to play, the person will develop feelings of inferiority and resentment.
Physical changes – the most obvious sings of aging are centered in the
face although sometimes medical advancements have come up with ways to cover
signs of aging, the hands are another part which give away the person's age.
Head region –
Mouth changes shape
Tooth loss
Wrinkles
Eyes seem dull and lusterless
Double chin
Cheeks become pendulous,
wrinkled and baggy
Skin becomes dry with dark spots, moles and warty.
Hair becomes gray or white and lessens
Trunk Region –
Shoulders
stoop and seem smaller
Abdomen bulges and droops
Hips become flabbier
and broader
Woman's breasts sag and droop
Limbs –
The upper arm
becomes flabby and heavy
Lower arms seem to shrink
Hands and feet become
scrawny and veins begin to appear
Nails become thick and brittle
Internal Changes –
Bones become brittle and are subject to
fractures and breaks
Regulation of body temperature is impaired (too cold,
too hot)
Sensory changes – all the sense organs function less efficiently
Motor Ability Changes – most old people move more slowly and are less
coordinated. These changes include a decrease in strength and energy, stiff
joints.etc
Change in Mental Abilities –
Learning - the elderly
have difficulty in learning new skills taking them longer time to learn the
skill and also coming up with less satisfactory results in the particular skill
than a younger person.
Memory - Old people tend to have poor recent
memories but better remote memories. This may be due partly to the fact that
they are not always strongly motivated to remember things, partly to lack of
attentiveness, and partly to not hearing clearly and distinctly what others say.
Reasoning – there is a general reduction in the speed with which the
individual reaches a conclusion in both inductive and deductive reasoning.
Retirement – during the adults earlier years, retirement looks better to
them because of the increased leisure time and reduced stress. Although, when
one actually comes to that point in their lives, retirement seems less
desirable. At this age, people holding jobs suddenly feel they have lost all
their power and prestige. They tend to again, feel useless without purpose.
Women, adjust better to retirement than men. For women, the role change is not
as radical because women still have the responsibility of playing the domestic
role like taking care of the house.
Happiness – there is a saying that
during one's late adulthood years, there are 3 factors that determine one's
happiness – Acceptance, Affection and Achievement. Without any one of these 3
things it is difficult if not impossible for the elderly to be happy. For
example, when they feel they are being neglected by their children or other
family members, when they feel that their past achievements have fallen short or
when they have developed the "nobody loves me" complex it is inevitable that
they be unhappy.
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